Showing posts with label hybrids. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hybrids. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 18, 2011

MUGEN HONDA CRZ HYBRID 2011

Gempak! Itulah yang dapat saya ungkapkan mengenai gambar terbaru yang diperolehi, gambar tersebut adalah gambar sebuah kereta Honda CRZ dan gambar ini adalah gambar rasmi kereta ini. Ujian awal dalam bentuk prototaip untuk kereta ini telah dimulakan dengan memberikan kelajuan dari 0 - 60 mph dari Honda Civic Type R.

Setelah lebih 15% peningkatan kuasa diberikan pada peringkat awal (stage 1), mereka juga telah mengurangkan berat enjin berkenaa sebanyak 50kg, kereta ini mampu memecut dengan lancar dengan kuasa superchargenya.

Kereta ini juga dilengkapi dengan tiga mod memandu iaitu dari mod biasa, pertengahan (ekonomi) dan yang terakhir adalah mod pecutan dimana kuasa supercharge akan digunakan sepenuhnya. Tahniah buat team Honda ~

Monday, April 25, 2011

PROTON EXORA HYBRID MARKETING 2012?

If you’ve been waiting for the Proton Exora Hybrid to enter the market, some positive news then – the vehicle might be introduced next year, if everything goes according to plan. According to reports, Proton’s managing director Datuk Seri Syed Zainal Abidin said that the Exora Hybrid is undergoing testing validation in the United Kingdom, which is expected to be completed in two weeks.

Proton will then get the approval to produce the hybrid MPV after it obtains final certification from the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS). As for its introduction into the market, Syed Zainal hinted that the vehicle would arrive sometime in 2012. “We hope the car goes to the public by next year,” he said.

Development of the Exora Hybrid began in the UK in 2009, and in November last year, fresh from bagging the “Best Range Extender EV” award at the Royal Automobile Club (RAC) Future Car Challenge event held in London, we drove the Exora Hybrid here in its REEV form. How much of this one will translate into the series production product remains to be seen.

Elsewhere, the company says it is confident of surviving in a fully liberalised market, and was prepared to face challenges when the planned liberalisation of the domestic automotive industry comes into play by 2016.

Proton has been prepared for this for a long time, according to Syed Zainal. “We have a five-year journey and whatever we do, we must make sure the cars become cheaper and its product design and quality get better,’ he said last week.

The company’s current restructuring exercise, which should be completed later this year once it is approved by the board and shareholders, is in line with the company’s direction heading towards 2016.

“We want the company to be more flexible and focus on whatever they do. We have the breadth but not the depth. We want to be better in the way we design, manufacture, sell and distribute our cars,” he stated, and the restructuring would obviously streamline many things and add focus, going forward.

Tuesday, April 5, 2011

LEXUS LF-Gh IS NEW HYBRID REVEALED

As it gets closer to its debut at the upcoming New York International Auto Show later this month, Lexus has teased the Lexus Future Grand Touring hybrid concept with two photos offering partial reveals of the front and rear.

The company tags the LF-Gh as a redefinition of the luxury “grand tourer,” and undoubtedly, the concept will be effectively premiering the new form of the GS, the current incarnation of which has been around since 2005. The debutant is set to make its entrance on April 19.

Credit to paultan

Monday, February 7, 2011

TOYOTA YARIS HSD CONCEPT

Toyota looks like its aiming for a serious push down the hybrid path into Europe’s largest market sector, the B-segment, and will show the precursor to things in the form of the Yaris HSD Concept, which makes its world debut in Geneva next month. The Japanese automaker hasn’t divulged any details about the upcoming hatch, aside from a teaser shot of its nose and stating that it will have hybrid-specific styling cues and new, forward-looking design elements. It adds that that the car anticipates the company’s hybrid intentions for the segment and represents the next step in its full hybrid roll-out strategy for the continent.

Friday, January 14, 2011

SUPERBIKE KUASA ELEKTRIK


Siapa sangka selepas kereta menggunakan kuasa elektrik, kini superbike juga menggunakan kuasa elektrik untuk bergerak. Kalau nak tau kelajuan dan ketangkasan superbike yang menggunakan kuasa elektrik ini anda bolehlah menonton video di atas.

Wednesday, December 1, 2010

PROTON SAGA EV GUNA KUASA ELEKTRIK!

Hello geng, hari ni aku nak update tentang kereta yang memang anda semua dah sedia kenal iaitu Proton Saga BLM. Tetapi kali ni agak menarik sikit sebabnya ianya bukan seperti kereta yang anda pakai sekarang ni kerana ia menggunakan kuasa elektrik untuk bergerak (macam handphone la pulak boleh cas2 nih...). Gambar diambil dari Kuala Lumpur International's Motor Show dengan kerjasama PROTON dan UTM.

Ni gambar Proton Saga EV (nama yang diberi oleh PROTON). Jangan konfius sebab itu bukan nozzle pump petrol tetapi charger yang digunakan untuk charge semula kuasa elektrik kedalam kereta ini.

Cuba anda lihat bahagian enjin kereta ini, ya memang kereta ini nampak kosong pada ruang enjinnya sebab enjin yang guna kuasa elektrik lebih simple dan lebih kecil berbanding yang menggunakan petrol maka terdapat banyak ruang2 kosong. Awas! ruang ini tak boleh letak barang ya!~

Ni pula adalah lakaran litar elektrik untuk model Proton Saga EV ini.

Selain menggunakan charger untuk salurkan kuasa elektrik, kereta ini direka khas dibumbungnya alat mengecas tenaga solar jadi anda tidak perlu risau kalau jalan jauh takkan nk pinjam plug elektrik rumah orang pula kan? So memadai kalau matahari ada, cuma guna tenaga solar sahaja.

Gempak tak? Ni bukan mata naga tapi lampu hadapan kereta ni. Rasanya rekaan yang ni nampak lebih garang dan sporty sikit dari sebelum ni. Agak2 berapa harga sebijik eh?


Lihat pada gear pula, ianya menggunakan aliran transmisi auto dan class nya pula berlainan dengan kereta2 transmisi auto yang lain. Bagaimanapun belum ada pandu uji dibuat so tak dapat dipastikan bagaimana cara memandu kereta Proton Saga EV ini. Kalau ada berita2 baru tentang Proton Saga EV ni nanti kami akan update lagi...

Tuesday, November 23, 2010

LS 600 h L & RX 450 HYBRIDS LAUNCHED IN MALAYSIA


It’s highly unlikely that anyone who can spend just a shade under a million for a vehicle would really be that mindful of just how much that ride consumes, but here it is anyway, a hybrid luxury sedan that gobbles up less fuel and goes gentler on your wallet.

Okay, so maybe that’s not quite the way to look at it. How about a “doing your part for the environment while ensconced in the lap of luxury” bit then?

Well, how about both, since the Lexus LS 600 h L manages the above in equal measure, and in inimitable style at that. The flagship hybrid luxury sedan is Lexus Malaysia’s latest introduction into the market, and making it a double do for the higher-end hybrid movement is the introduction of the RX 450 h SUV as well. Which of course earns Toyota the bragging rights as the first player to have three hybrids in the country, two of them luxury units.

Full story and gallery of launch photos after the jump.

Admittedly, the market for a hybrid such as the LS 600 h L is rather minute, but Lexus Malaysia says it’s all about giving customers a wider choice in the upper-end, and it’s certainly as big a hitter as you can get.

The car is powered by Lexus’ Hybrid Drive full hybrid system, which combines a 2UR-FSE 5.0 litre V8 block, permanent all-wheel drive and a high output electric motor. The engine is a development of the 4.6 litre pot found in the LS 460L, with stroke increased from 83.0mm to 89.5mm, and output figures are 389 hp at 6,400 rpm and 520 Nm at 4,000 rpm. As for the 650V electric motor, this one delivers 165 kW of power and 300 Nm of torque.

The battery pack in the LS 600 h L is a compact two-piece sealed NiMH unit with a total of 240 cells, delivering a total of 288V. It’s placed next to the rear air conditioning unit, located behind the rear seats. Naturally, this allows the car to run in electric vehicle (EV) mode, with the car able to run on battery and electric motor up to a 40 kph speed for a short distance.

Together, the hybrid powertrain generates a combined output rating of 438 bhp, but is able to return a very respectable 10.75 km per litre in combined cycle fuel consumption. Lexus says that in city traffic or slow speed driving, the car’s fuel consumption is over 30% lower than the LS 460 L.

Replacing the eight-speed automatic transmission here is the L110F electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (E-CVT). Fitting into the existing LS transmission tunnel, the tranny consists of two water-cooled motor generators, tagged MG1 and MG2, in this case a power split device and a motor-speed reduction device together with the transfer for the all-wheel drive system – MG1 fulfils the role of the starter motor and generator, while MG2 is the traction motor and acts as a generator for regenerative braking.

The permanent all-wheel drive system uses a Torsen Limited Slip Differential, developed exclusively for the car, offering a 40:60 split between the front and rear axles in normal driving and shifting the torque split automatically (during acceleration or braking), within the range of 30:70 to 50:50, under less than ideal road conditions. Speaking of which, the car has three switchable driving modes – Normal, Power and Snow – to pick from.

Of course, there’s more to the LS 600 h L, and it’s pretty much chock a block as you can get in terms of features and kit. Unique to it are blue accents on the LED headlamps, badging, door lower moulding, smart key fob and blue-tinted tail lamps.

Electronically controlled Adaptive Variable Air Suspension (AVS) comes as standard fitment, with three suspension damping control modes – Normal, Comfort and Sport – available, along with a ‘Height High’ mode that allows the car a 15mm higher ride height. The car comes with seven-spoke 19-inch aluminium alloy wheels wearing 245/45 series tyres.

Safety-wise, there’s the Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) system, which integrates and manages VSC, traction Control, ABS, EBD and brake assist, among other things, and the car comes with 11 airbags. Parking assistance too, through the Intelligent Parking Assist (IPA) system, which assists rear and parellel parking.

There’s plenty in the interior – three semi-aniline leather colours, together with two classic colours of all-black with medium brown walnut woodtrim and Mellow White with matt Ashburl woodtrim, as well as aluminium chrome trim accents, a centrally-mounted 8-inch Electronic Multi Vision (EMV) touchpanel, a TFT colour LCD combination meter, climate control and a Mark Levinson 7.1 Reference Surround System with 19 speakers and a 15-channel, 450 watt amplifier. Passengers at the back get a Rear Seat Entertainment System (made up of a separate DVD player and a center console mounted 9-inch LCD Screen), as well as rear left powered Ottoman seat, complete with Rear Seat Relaxation system.

A total of 11 exterior colours – with the final clear coating enhanced with a two-component paint with has anti-scratch nanotechnology polymer – are available for the LS 600h L, which is priced at RM998,500, on the road without insurance.

If the LS is a bit too big – or rich – for your tastes, then there’s always the RM520,200 (again, on the road, without insurance) RX 450 h to consider. The hybrid SUV features styling cues to clearly distinguish it from its petrol-only RX 350 sibling. The front bumper has a dark silver grille, with a wider and slimmer multi-bar design and a slim louvre in the bumper below the grille.

Additionally, there’s a different engine cover, chrome fog lamp surrounds, blue accents for the tail lamps, blue tinted emblems and ‘450h’ logo as well as ‘Hybrid’ logos on the plated side mouldings at the base of the rear doors. The SUV also gets exclusive 19-inch five-spoke split design alloy wheels – with 235/55 series tyres – in a darker shade.

The RX 450h’s Lexus Hybrid Drive system is made up of a purpose-developed Atkinson Cycle 3.5 litre V6 petrol engine, a 123 kW electric front drive motor, a 50 kW rear motor, a electronically controlled continuously variable transmission, a three-block, 10-module-each 288V hybrid battery (located below the rear seats) and compact new Power Control Unit (PCU).
The 2GR-FXE pot in this one shares the basic architecture as the RX 350’s engine, but features – besides the Atkinson Cycle operation – a water-cooled exhaust gas recirculation (and attendant pressure sensor), a hybrid-specific intake manifold with large sound resonators, intake-only VVT-i and an accessory belt to only drive the water pump. Output is 245 hp at 6,000 rpm and 317 Nm at 4,800 rpm, and the combined hybrid system output is rated at 295 hp, while offering an impressive 15.9 km per litre combined cycle fuel efficiency.

The powertrain consists of a front-axle system with an electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission (E-CVT) and an electric-drive rear axle. Similar to the LS 600 h L, the E-CVT transmission has two sets of planetary gears, one motor-speed reduction device and the other a power split device, which divides driving power between the petrol engine and electric motors, or combining both. The front motor’s maximum output is 123 kW and 335 Nm.

There’s no propeller shaft in the electric all-wheel drive system, which is called E-Four – the rear axle has its own drive source, in this case a motor-generator (with a built-in differential), offering 50 kW and 139 Nm of torque. Oh, and like the LS, the RX 450 h is able to run on electric mode, again up to a 40 kph speed, as long as there’s enough juice in the batteries to do so.
Among the many items on the kit list are semi-aniline leather front seats with a Power Cushion Extender which extends the edge of the front seat cushion by an extra 21mm, LED headlamps, a Lexus 12-speaker Premium Audio System, 10 airbags, a Side Parking Assist Monitor and nine exterior colour choices.

Sunday, November 14, 2010

TEKNOLOGI HIJAU PROTON LEBIH HEBAT

Salam dan Selamat Petang semua.. Hari ni aku nak share satu artikel yang sangat menarik untuk kita kongsikan bersama. Artikel ni mengenai satu pertandingan kereta (bukan race okay!) yang dibuat oleh industri automotive dunia termasuk Proton, Toyota, Volkswagen, Honda dan lain2 jenama dalam inudstri automotive ini. Dipetik dari blog Che Det, korang bacalah sendiri artikel dibawah ini....

1. Pada 6hb November kereta Proton Exora telah menang pertandingan kereta zaman akan datang yang dianjurkan oleh RAC (Royal Automobile Club - United Kingdom). Pertandingan ini melibatkan hanya kereta-kereta otomobil yang tidak terlalu mencemar udara dengan pengeluaran asap, karbon dioksida dan monoksida.

2. Hampir semua syarikat-syarikat otomobil di dunia telah mengambil bahagian dalam pertandingan ini dengan kereta elektrik dan hybrid ciptaan mereka untuk masa depan (future). Kereta-kereta ini dikehendaki berjalan dari Brighton ke London, perjalanan sejauh lebih kurang 60 batu (miles).

3. Diantara jenama yang terkenal yang mengambil bahagian ialah Toyota (Jepun), Volkswagen (Jerman) dan General Motors (Amerika Syarikat). Ada yang mengambil bahagian dengan kereta yang sudah dipasarkan dan ada yang belum dipasarkan.

4. Proton menyertai dengan sebuah kereta Exora untuk pertandingan ini yang menggunakan sistem yang, selain daripada amat kurang mencemarkan udara tetapi juga menggunakan bahan bakar petrol yang amat sedikit.

5. Exora mendapat tempat pertama dalam kategori Extended Range Electric Vehicle (kereta elektrik yang ditingkatkan jarak perjalanannya) serta juga memenangi dalam semua kategori termasuk kereta elektrik (EV - Electric Vehicle), kereta yang ditingkatkan jarak perjalanan (extended range EV), hybrid (menggunakan enjin petroleum dan elektrik bersama) dan minyak disel.

6. Exora mencatat ekonomi penggunaan petrol sebanyak 136 batu (miles) bagi satu gelen. Tempat kedua hanya mampu mencatat jarak 62 batu (miles) bagi satu gelen - iaitu kurang separuh daripada kebolehan Proton Exora.

7. Keputusan pertandingan ini jelas menunjukkan yang teknologi Proton jauh lebih baik daripada teknologi lain-lain jenama.

8. Sementara itu Proton Saga elektrik juga mendapat kemenangan tetapi syarikat-syarikat lain membuat protes. Pihak Proton telah membantah terhadap protes ini.

9. Selain daripada kurang mencemar udara dan jarak perjalanan bagi satu gelen petrol kereta Exora dan Saga mampu memuatkan jumlah penumpang sepenuhnya dan bootnya (tempat simpanan barang) juga mempunyai kapasiti biasa. Hampir semua kereta lain terpaksa menggunakan boot dan tempat duduk belakang untuk bateri.

10. Kejayaan Proton dalam pertandingan ini membuktikan kemampuannya bersaing dengan syarikat-syarikat gergasi dunia dalam teknologi elektrik, extended range electric dan hybrid.

11. Proton sedang bersiap sedia untuk mengeluarkan Saga Elektrik dan Exora Extended Range untuk pasaran dunia. Buat kali pertama Proton mempunyai harapan untuk bersaing dalam pasaran kereta bermotor di seluruh dunia.

Saturday, November 6, 2010

BMW VISION EFFICENTDYNAMICS SPAWN PRODUCTION 2013

BMW yang paling gempak pernah aku jumpa, tapi aku tak pasti samada kereta ni akan dijual di pasaran ataupun ianya hanya untuk filem sahaja. Mengikut sumber, kereta BMW Vision EfficientDynamics ni adalah berkonsepkan kereta hibrid sports car. Diperkuatkan dengan enjin 1.5 liter inline-3 turbodiesel (gempak woo diesel turbo! he..he..) dengan keluaran 328 kuasakuda dan mengambil masa 4.8 saat untuk capai kelajuan 100 KM/H.. Apa2 hal pun kereta ni akan keluar pada tahun 2013 so lambat lagi ok jadi sama2lah kita tunggu dan lihat. Tentang harga pula anda sendiri dah tahu kot andai masuk kat Malaysia ni confirm la meletop!!!



Ni ada video untuk tontonan anda, aku amik dari laman Youtube. Enjoy ~

Thursday, November 4, 2010

KERETA HIBRID PROTON RM100,000 KE BAWAH?


Sumber yang aku tengok dalam paper hari ni mengatakan bahawa harga kereta berteknologi hibrid dari Proton dijangka bawah RM100,000. Boleh baca news kat bawah ni okay.

PETALING JAYA: Proton Holdings Bhd meninjau untuk menawarkan kereta hibrid pertamanya pada harga kompetitif di bawah RM100,000, kata Penasihatnya Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, semalam.

Dijangka dilancarkan secara komersial tahun depan, Proton dikatakan membangunkan enjin hibrid serta enjin elektrik dengan syarikat British Frazer-Nash Research, LG dari Korea Selatan dan anak syarikatnya yang berpangkalan di Britain Lotus.


Bekas Perdana Menteri itu berkata, pembangunan kereta hibrid adalah sebahagian daripada inisiatif Proton untuk beralih kepada teknologi hijau.


“Kami kini menghentikan reka bentuk dan dalam proses menambah baik prestasi kereta. Kami akan membuat pengumuman tidak lama lagi,” katanya kepada pemberita selepas menyerahkan kereta edisi ulang tahun ke-25 Proton kepada sembilan pembeli pertama di sini.


“Harga kereta hibrid akan tinggi sedikit berbanding kereta biasa kerana bateri amat mahal. Bagi pengeluar kereta terkenal, kereta hibrid, akan tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada kereta biasa. Kereta kita, saya rasa di bawah RM100,000,” katanya.


Beliau berkata Proton akan menampilkan tiga kereta hibridnya untuk penyertaan perlumbaan di Britain pada 6 November ini. Sementara itu, Pengarah Urusan Proton Datuk Syed Zainal Abidin Syed Mohamed Tahir berkata, syarikat akan menguji kira-kira 50 kenderaan hibrid untuk kegunaan kerajaan sebelum pelancaran pengeluaran secara besar-besaran. Sebelum itu beliau berkata syarikat mengeluarkan Exora versi hibrid di Britain bagi tujuan ujian dan penyelidikan. - Bernama

Wednesday, October 20, 2010

TOYOTA PRIUS MPV ON EARLY NEXT YEAR!



Toyota will be introducing the next extension of its Prius family, a MPV-sized offering, at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit next January.

There are no details about the vehicle, the second to wear the Prius badge, save a teaser video called Prius Puzzle, showing the MPV’s profile in a billboard in Malibu, California, mostly hidden by the current ZVW30 Prius

Given the scope increase, the longer-wheelbase Prius MPV should easily be a seven-seater. It and a planned third Prius model, which will be smaller than the existing third-gen version, are slated to enter the US market in two years time.

Saturday, October 2, 2010

PARIS 2010 MOTOR SHOW: HONDA JAZZ HYBRID

Japanese carmakers don’t have much to shout about at Paris, preferring to save it all for their home show. Concepts and world debuts are few and far between, and some makes like Mitsubishi, Mazda and Suzuki did nothing more than just bring their showrooms into the show hall! Honda’s area wasn’t much different, save for the little green Jazz sitting all alone on its elevated throne.

It’s in Lime Green (exclusive to this variant) because it’s a green car. The Jazz Hybrid uses the same IMA system as the Insight, a 1.3 litre i-VTEC engine paired to an assisting electric motor. Like the rest of Honda’s hybrids, this is a “mild hybrid” setup as opposed to the full series hybrid system in the Toyota Prius. Using the standard CVT gearbox, Honda claims combined fuel consumption of just 4.4 litres per 100 km and emissions of just 104 g/km of CO2 (lowest CO2 output of any automatic car in the B-segment) for the Jazz Hybrid.

Honda stresses the fact that the Jazz Hybrid will not lose any of the car’s famous practicality; it retains the flexible “Magic Seats” and 300 litres of boot space. The IMA battery pack and power control unit have been integrated in the area under the boot floor, retaining the normal boot area and allowing the Magic Seats to fold in the same manner – up to 831 litres of space or with seat bases folded up for tall items.

Inside, a darker single colour dashboard is new, as is an Eco Assist function. It’s available with leather trim, the first time for a Jazz in Europe, where sales start early next year.

Source

Tuesday, September 28, 2010

EXAGON FURTIVE eGT

Hari ini saya nak bercerita pula tentang kereta elektrik yang bakal dipamerkan dalam Paris Motor Show. Kereta ini mempunya tempat duduk 2+2 boleh laras dan ditambah dengan kuasa dua motor Siemens elektrik. Terdapat beberapa sumber mengatakan kereta Exagon Furtive ini mampu mencapai kelajuan setinggi 250KM/H!! Dengan kepantasan 100KM/H selama 3.5 saat sahaja! Nampaknya kuasa elektrik pun mampu mencapai kelajuan sepantas ni...

Thursday, September 23, 2010

Turbocharged Proton Exora to debut next year, facelift version of an existing model to be launched this year

It has been widely reported previously that Proton will be introducing a turbocharged engine sometime next year and the Exora would be the first vehicle to run the engine. Proton has reiterated it’s intentions yet again. The company has confirmed to Bernama that it will debut the force-inducted engine with the Exora MPV next year.

Speaking to reporters after the company’s annual general meeting, group managing director Datuk Syed Zainal said, “The engine will support Proton’s future products in relation to extending enhanced performance, emissions and quality standards.’ He also added that the performance of the engine would be equivalent to a 2.0 liter engine.

He did not reveal further details about the engine, but we can expect it to be based on the 1.6 Campro, with or without CPS. Syed Zainal also mentioned that Proton will launch a facelift version of an existing model before end of the year. This could well be the Saga facelift, as we have recently spotted a taped-up version near Bukit Jelutong. As reported previously, the new Proton Waja will be introduced this year as well. Based on the Mitsubishi Lancer, the new model would carry a slightly higher price tag as it will be offered with better performance and features.

He also spoke about Proton’s involvement in the hybrid and electric vehicles arena. “Proton has started on the development of the hybrid and electric vehicles which are currently being subjected to performance evaluation, testing and safety assessment,” were his exact words. The company has already showcased the Saga EV in Indonesia and we have also seen the Exora Hybrid demonstrator vehicle.

Proton also expects to better it’s export figures compared to the last fiscal year as interest in China, Thailand and Indonesia is growing. The company’s chairman Datuk Seri Mohd Nadzmi Mohd Salleh also went on to confirm that Proton has no intention to off-load Lotus at the moment. “We have no intention to dispose of Lotus at this point in time. By having Lotus within the group we will have better benefit,” he assured.

Source: Paultan

Thursday, September 16, 2010

FISKER KARMA HYBRID

Ini antara design yang mungkin akan dikeluarkan. Dibuat oleh syarikat co-founder dan CEO Henrik Fisker. Fisker Karma Hybrid ini menggunakan kuasa sebanyak 300 KW (403 bhp) elektrik motor yang boleh mencapai kelajuan 0-100KM/h dalam masa 5.9 saat sahaja! Perghhh!

Ini adalah beberapa design artis mengenai kerta Fisker Karma Hybrid ini.

Ruangan dalaman Fisker Karma Hybrid ini menggunakan rekaan kulit.